O PROCESSO DE EDUCAÇÃO E ENSINO NA IDADE MODERNA. EPISÓDIO DE HOJE: O surgimento das Universidades e sua influência no processo educativo (Parte 11)
Direto do Rio de Janeiro-RJ.
A batalha entre a faculdade de Teologia e a Faculdade de Artes, dentro da Universidade de Paris
Compreensível que a faculdade de Teologia defendesse a ortodoxia ou seja, um seguir rigoroso da religião, como também compreensível que a faculdade de Artes defendesse a filosofia natural e racional aristotélica. Mas, ao final quem decide tudo é que dita os rumos que devem ser seguidos e, neste aspecto, o clero não perdia a batalha.
Por essas e outras razões a faculdade de Artes resolveu partir para protestos abertos e para a resistência. Quando a perseguição se intensificou e o Bispo de Paris proibiu, em 1210, a leitura dos escritos sobre filosofia racional e natural de Aristóteles, muitos mestres e alunos saíram de Paris e foram seguir estes estudos em outros paises.
Já nesse período duas ordens mendicantes (aquelas formadas por frades e freiras que viviam em extrema pobreza) ingressam na Universidade de Paris e demonstram interesse pelo processo educativo e do ensino.
Os franciscanos tinham como regra de vida o aprimoramento espiritual e nada além disto. Por pensar que os frades (freiras não, porque o pensamento era machista) deveriam buscar aprimoramento intelectual, houve um “racha” entre os franciscanos, surgindo os “conventuais” como oposição aos fundamentalistas, também chamados espirituais.
O conventual ou secular de maior impacto foi o frade João de Fidanza (viveu entre 1221-1274), conhecido como “Boaventura” que, juntamente com o frade Rogério Bacon (viveu entre 1213-1294) resolveu apoiar a integração cultural do clero com as Artes Liberais, defendendo a ideia que o conhecimento é útil à vida espiritual elevada.
Mas, foram os dominicanos que deram a grande e mais decisiva contribuição para o progresso da ciência e, mesmo sem saber, lançaram a semente que germinaria futuramente em renascença, iluminismo, Revolução Industrial de 1760, Revolução Americana de 1776, Revolução Francesa de 1789 e á Revolução Tecnológica que inicia na primeira metade do século passado e se estende à Internet de nossos dias.
Os dominicanos abriram as portas de uma nova compreensão de mundo à partir do momento em que Thomás de Aquino principia a defender o racionalismo e naturalismo aristotélico como o fundamento sobre o qual um novo processo educativo e de ensino deveria ser erguido. Não significa que quisessem negar a Teologia. Nada disto! Os racionalistas aristotélicos sempre seguiram a linha filosófica e Tales de Mileto que apregoava existir diferentes leis à governar o universo. O que jamais admitiram foi a negação do valor da ciência e da autodeterminação humana.
Quando Santo Tomás de Aquino assume uma cadeira, uma cátedra na Universidade de Paris em 1217, uma nova revolução racional também estava se iniciando. Nem mesmo Aquino sabia que sua influência seria tamanha, ao “libertar Aristóteles” das algemas dos dogmas.
Continua…
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