RECUPERAÇÃO NATURAL DE PRAIAS URBANIZADAS COM PROCESSO EROSIVO
Hoje o Pernambuco em Foco traz para seus leitores uma entrevista exclusiva com o Engenheiro Civil Marco Lyra, especialista em Obras de Proteção Costeira e MBA em
Gestão Ambiental e Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Em abril de 2010, durante o I Seminário Nacional sobre Erosão Marinha na costa pernambucana e seus reflexos na região metropolitana, ele apresentou as experiencias exitosas nas obras de contenção de erosão costeira no litoral de Alagoas, com uso de dissipadores de energia Bagwall.
Nessa entrevista, Marco Lyra nos apresenta uma nova alternativa de engenharia para conter a erosão costeira em praias urbanizadas, trata-se do dissipador de energia
Sandbag, obra que após sua implantação promove a recuperação natural da praia.
Entrevista:
PF – Como surgiu a ideia de conter a erosão costeira em praias urbanizadas usando o
dissipador de energia Sandbag?
ML – O problema da erosão costeira resulta essencialmente de um conflito entre um processo natural, o recuo da linha de costa, e a atividade humana, a solução do problema passa necessariamente pela questão do uso do solo na zona costeira. Quando um processo erosivo se instala numa área urbanizada, é necessário conter o processo erosivo para proteção do patrimônio público ou privado. Todo projeto de obra de contenção costeira deve levar em consideração o custo- benefício, para não correr o risco de investir e perder o investimento. As obras de estabilização por vezes causam efeitos adversos, dentre os quais, pode-se citar a eliminação da praia recreativa, na maioria dos casos são obras de engenharia rígidas. Isto pode ser claramente observado em várias capitais da região Nordeste do Brasil a exemplo de Maceió, Recife, João Pessoa, Natal e Fortaleza. No livro “Recuperação de praias e dunas” (Nordstorm,2010), ficou caracterizado a necessidade de se buscar melhor eficácia nas ações para encontrar soluções que tragam benefícios ambientais no controle da erosão costeira. É preciso atingir metas de recuperação de praias com a utilização de um novo conceito de naturalidade, buscando nas soluções de engenharia a reconstrução da paisagem natural. A crise econômica e política instalada no Brasil nos últimos quatro anos, provocaram a paralização de investimentos importantes no setor produtivo, principalmente a construção civil. As dificuldades geradas pelo impacto negativo na economia e as demandas do setor privado, nos levou a buscar alternativas mais econômicas para contenção da erosão costeira, então, chegamos ao dissipador de energia Sandbag.
PF – Quando o dissipador de energia Sandbag foi utilizado anteriormente?
ML – O uso do Sandbag é bastante conhecido na Europa e nos Estados Unidos, pincipalmente como obra emergencial para contenção costeira. A tecnologia utiliza formas geotêxteis preenchidas com a própria areia da praia. As obras construídas em Alagoas são pioneiras no Brasil. Em 2016 construímos um
protótipo do dissipador de energia Sandbag com extensão de 30 metros, na praia de Ipioca em Maceió. Monitoramos o trecho e os resultados foram positivos. Em junho de 2019, construímos outro dissipador de energia com extensão de 230 m em outro trecho na praia de Ipioca, em frente ao Hibiscus Beach Club Maceió e o resultado foi
surpreendente. O mar recuou mais de 20 metros no trecho antes erodido. A obra foi concluída no dia 27 de julho, já tivemos cinco marés de sizígia nos meses de julho e
agosto, e o trecho da praia já acumulou cerca de 5.000 m³ de areia. A praia natural recreativa está em recuperação. Os resultados obtidos são animadores e positivos.
Estamos monitorando a obra após sua conclusão, para avaliação da eficácia dos resultados.
PF – Onde essa obra de engenharia poderia ser utilizada?
ML – A princípio recomendamos o uso dessas obras em praias com baixa energia de ondas. Todas as praias existentes dentro da APA Costa dos Corais são abrigadas por
causa dos recifes de corais, elas possuem baixa energia de onda, portanto, todas elas podem adotar essa solução de engenharia para conter o avanço do mar em áreas
urbanizadas. É importante observar que a APA Costa dos Corais abrange municípios de Alagoas e Pernambuco, ela se estende desde Tamandaré até Maceió. Acreditamos que em breve utilizaremos um novo protótipo em praias de mar aberto, para avaliar os efeitos desse tipo de obra, monitorando o comportamento da recuperação da
praia natural recreativa.
PF – Por que após a conclusão da obra se observa apenas a paisagem natural?
ML – Porque a obra do dissipador de energia Sandbag fica enterrada no perfil praial, portanto, não é possível verificar a obra de engenharia construída no local. Esse é o
principal objetivo do projeto, conter a erosão costeira no local e devolver ao ambiente costeiro sua praia natural. Quando vamos a praia não queremos ver muros, pedras e escombros. Queremos ter contato com o meio ambiente natural. Nas obras construídas utilizando o dissipador de energia Sandbag em Alagoas, não utilizamos nem pedra, nem cimento, apenas a areia existente no local. O custo de implantação dessa obra é a mais econômica em relação as obras tradicionais, a redução
do custo fica em torno de 50% a 70% do valor. O impacto ambiental durante a execução é baixíssimo, ele é visível apenas durante a execução. Após a conclusão da obra observa-se a deposição de sedimentos, formação da berma, trilhas de dunas, e posteriormente a própria duna com sua vegetação natural, isto é, a recuperação da praia
Jadson d’ Pádua
Foto: Foto: Vanderlei Turatti/ Hibiscus
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