O PROCESSO DE EDUCAÇÃO E ENSINO NA IDADE MODERNA: renascença e humanismo cristão, remodelando a Europa (Parte 1)
Direto de Brasília-DF.
Hoje dou sequência à série de artigos sobre o processo de educação e do ensino, na Idade Moderna, com especial destaque para o humanismo e seu remodelamento, na Europa Renascentista.
Como tenho escrito, o humanismo e um processo de autoconhecimento em que o homem descobre que o maior presente que recebeu do universo, é sua consciência, sua capacidade de raciocinar. Com essa mente reflexiva, observa a si e à atmosfera que o circunda, à qual chamamos de meio ambiente.
Além de perceber que é um “Ser”, além da carne e do osso. Ele percebe a forma de seu corpo e a valoriza como uma complexa máquina que necessita cuidados e carinho; que essa poderosa “maquina”é comandada por uma força indecifrável. Se alma ou espírito, ao certo, não se sabe, mas que há uma partícula que, tal quais modernos sistemas operacionais, rodam o sistema da razão que conduz o corpo para suas realizações humanas.
Nessa sequência resumida de pensar a si e a vida, é que vimos abordando o humanismo e, neste episódio, com o registro de seu ressurgimento na Renascença, com o maior dos poetas italianos, Dante Alighieri e sua obra, “A Divina Comédia” que de tão importante, rivalizou e terminou por substituir o Latim pelo vernáculo do povo comum. O idioma italiano passa a ser falado entre todos.
O humanismo cristão que surge no século XIII, marcará o processo educativo e de ensino europeu mais que qualquer outra corrente de pensamento, sobretudo pela intervenção de dois personagens importantes do século XV, Martinho Lutero, na Alemanha, e Desidério Erasmo de Roterdã, o teólogo, filósofo e humanista holandês.
O escritor Thomas Ramson diz que a preocupação dos dois educadores girava em torno de “despertar os governantes e os cidadãos de influência para o papel decisivo da educação, elaborando ideias a respeito tanto ao nível da teoria, e da ideologia como da prática”.
Teoria, ideologia e prática são elementos do processo educativo e de ensino. Na teoria sistematiza-se o conhecimento, a ideologia define a mensagem que se pretende passar para criação do consciente e inconsciente coletivo e a prática é tanto útil à vida cotidiana quanto ao mercado de trabalho, pois ambos sobrevivem de soluções para os problemas que precisam ser sólidos no dia a dia.
Erasmo de Roterdã e Martinho Lutero foram contemporâneos. Ambos nasceram com diferença de vinte anos, na segunda metade do século XV, e ambos morreram antes dos 70 anos, mas o humanismo cristão voltado para a educação e ensino, que desenvolveram, remodelaram quase todas as universidades da Europa, já a partir do século XVI.
O processo de ensino medieval foi dominado pela escolástica, método crítico grego, porém, amortecido pelo cristianismo. A filosofia aristotélica tinha que se moldar pelo dogma cristão. Erasmo foi criado com este método e tomou aversão por ele. Viajou por vários países da Europa, entre seus 20 e 30 anos e foi em Londres, ao encontrar Thomas More(autor do famoso livro “Utopia”) e John Colet, em 1499, que abraça o humanismo cristão e resolve difundi-lo.
Entre cartas que troca com humanistas ingleses, Erasmo demostra todo seu apreço pelos mestres que formam suas mentes estudando Cícero, Virgílio, Caio Salústio Crispo, escritor e poeta latino, o historiador e teólogo Eusébio Sofrônio, conhecido mundialmente como Jerônimo, e Tito Lívio, autor de uma das mais significativas obras para a humanidade, denominada “Desde a fundação da cidade”.
Para poder difundir seu pensamento reformador do processo de educação e ensino, Eramos resolve aprofundar seus conhecimentos e irá se tornar um dos mais profundos conhecedores do idioma grego de toda a Idade Moderna.
Você percebe como é importante se preparar para fazer algo importante? Que sonhos e planos você está perseguindo no momento? Você já traçou os planos e está se preparando para executá-los, com as ferramentas físicas e intelectuais, apropriadas?
Continua…
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